For much of the twentieth century, business managers around the world confronted a series of walls. Walls between nations that establish the boundaries of national markets, national practices, or national social, economic, and political systems. Walls between the company and the society in which it exists, drawing sharp distinctions between corporate interests and social interests. Walls between work and home, separating those activities that involve earning a living from those that constitute just plain living. Walls within the workplace itself, dividing managers from workers, function from function, line from staff. And walls between the company and its stakeholders, including suppliers, customers, and venture partners.

A version of this article appeared in the May–June 1991 issue of Harvard Business Review.